Nuclear Proliferation Essay

atomic Proliferation is the spread of atomic weapons, fissile material, and weapons-applicable thermo thermonuclear technology and information, to nations which argon non recognized as nuclear Weapon States by the conformity on the Nonproliferation of thermonuclear Weapons also known as Nuclear Proliferation Treaty or NPT. The purpose of the treaty was to help avoid the spread of nuclear weapons to those countries that gestate not been recognized as nuclear weapons states. NPT has only been subscribe by 189 countries, not by countries that argon thinkd to founder nuclear weapons.The get together States was the first and is the only country to have employ a nuclear weapon in war. They used two bombs against lacquer in August, 1945. Germany and Japan ceased to be involved in any nuclear weapon research. August, 1949, the USSR tested a nuclear weapon, as well as the United estate in October, 1952, France developed one in 1960 and the Peoples commonwealth of China detonated a nuclear weapon in 1964. India was next with exploding a nuclear device in 1974, and Pakistan tested a weapon in 1998. Finally, north Korea conducted a nuclear test in 2006.Pros and ConsReasons for abolishing nuclear weapons are The stallion world would be more secure if the planet were fall by the wayside of nuclear weapons-Nuclear Weapons are the only weapons that have the ability to extinguish the entire human race and its entire species. The threat/use of nuclear weapons has been declare generally illegal by the man salute-On July 8th, 1996, the World Court stated that it is illegal to use or threat to use nuclear weapons Nuclear Weapons are morally at fault-nuclear Weapons are intolerable. Nuclear weapons idler wipe out approximately if not all of the lives on Earth. Nuclear weapons hold outt do what theyre supposed to do, which is encumber wars-Nuclear weapons states have been involved in more wars than non nuclear weapon states Nuclear Weapons are extremely costly -The cost of research, development, testing, deployment, maintenance, and associated intelligence activities are combined, the bell is heavy. Then you have the cost of damage to land, illness, and cancer deaths from pollution, and nuclear shave storage, the price becomes enormous. Some countries have already given up nuclear weapons, showing that it is possible for a nation to be stable without them-Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, became nuclear weapon free states voluntarily. They transferred their nuclear warheads to Russia after the breakup of the Soviet Union.Reasons for nuclear weapons are Nuclear Weapons cannot be uninvented-No human invention can be uninvented, but it also is not enough to abolish nuclear weapons No serious proponent of disarmament argues that the US should eliminate its nuclear armoury unilaterally-As long as former(a) states have nuclear weapons, the US should remain a credible restraint Steps toward zero by the US wont cause Korea to disarm or Iran to reduce its nuclear ambitions The US would be seeking to gather the support of the other non-nuclear weapon states that are members of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, rather than seeking to influence brotherhood Korea, Iran or any other US shouldnt ignore its consort-The United States working toward disarmament might lead some US allies to seek their own nuclear weapons US disarmament efforts should not be delinked from the wider security picture US disarmament efforts should be equiprobable upon improvements in the wider security movementsTactical vs. strategic Nuclear WeaponsThere are two different types of nuclear weapons tactical and strategic. Tactical means that it direct effects a tactical situation on a battlefield. It would be directly used on troops, tanks or ships. Tactical weapons were smaller and could be rocket, missile, air, or artillery opened. Strategic means it effected the environment, such as destroying a city to prevent production of military equipment for t he entire war. Strategic weapons are larger and are missile, submarine, or air launched. Strategic weapons could be used for a tactical purpose and tactical weapons could be used for a strategic purpose.Threat of Terrorism and Nuclear ScareI think Terrorism has absolutely changed the way countries think active nuclear weapons. Before all countries had to worry about was whether or not their mate country was going to launch an combat on them. Now counties have to worry about other countries getting nuclear power including terrorist Terrorist dont think things through like other countries do. They testament launch nuclear weapons on a country knowing that the country will get even. For this reason, a country simply acquiring nuclear weapons is not a restraint for them. In theory, terrorists might either seize an lively weapon or set up a secret makeup to make one. In general, obtaining nuclear weapons by unauthorized individuals or groups seems flimsy because nuclear materials are difficult to acquire and to handle but register for instance a terrorist organization was able to obtain nuclear weapons they can become a threat to another part of the world and/or they would have to wage war endangering the lives of the citizens in that country. subtletyThe genuine language of North Korea is Korean. In North Korea, religion is inhibited. Religious activities have been destitute since 1945 Buddhism, Chongdogyo, and Christianity existed before but had influenced the country in a way that make them disapprove. consort to CIA World Fact book, as of July, 2011, the population was 25.5 million and the growing rate about +0.42%. North Korea is bordered to the South of South Korea, to the eastward of the Sea of Japan, to the West of the Yellow Sea and to the North of Manchuria. Their agricultural products embroil rice, corn, barley, soy beans, potatoes, pig, cattle, pork, eggs and more.Nuclear Arsenal AnalysisTheir amount of their armoury is unknown. But we d o know that they seek to increase their nuclear arsenal. They believe North Korea continues to pursue a uranium enrichment capability drawing on the assistance it received from A.Q. Khan before his network was shutdown. North Korea continues to develop, produce, deploy, and administer ballistic missiles of increasing range and sophistication. They believe North Korea has active CW and BW programs and probably has chemical and possibly biological weapons ready for use.Why theyre a danger and to whom?North Korea is the biggest danger to South Korea. These two counties have been at war for years. For some reason North Korea continues to attempt to attack South Korea and it seems as though they wont stop at any cost. North and South Korea has had different economical systems since the Korean contend of 1950. South Korea operates under a market thrift system and North Korea adapted central planning economy. Therefore, while North Korea faces chronic economic problems because of previ ous leaders poor judgment, South Koreas economy has achieved an incredible record of growth.Worst Case ScenarioNorth Korea will challenge South Korea and a battle will occur, that will kill thousands.CultureThe legitimate language of Japan is Japanese. In Japan, 83.9% is Shintoism, 71.4% is Buddhism, 2% is Christianity, and 7.8% are other. According to CIA World Fact book, as of July, 2011, the population was 126,475,664 and the growth rate is about -0.278%. Japan is in Eastern Asia, an island chain between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean Peninsula. Japans social groups are Japanese, Korean, and Chinese. Japans agricultural goods are rice, sugar beets, vegetables, growth pork, poultry, dairy products, eggs fish.Nuclear Arsenal AnalysisCultureThe legitimate language of Pakistan is Punjabi, Sindhi, Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) Pashtu Urdu (official), Balochi, Hindko, Brahui, English (official lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government mini stries), Burushaski, and others. In Pakistan, Muslim (Sunni and Shia), other (includes Christian and Hindu). According to CIA World Fact book, as of July, 2011, the population was 187,342,721 and the growth rate is about 1.573%. Pakistan is in Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the watt and China in the north. Agricultural goods in Pakistan are cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables milk, beef, mutton, eggs.

Math Curriculum Reform Issue

Among the arenas turn backt by students, mathematics is among the subjects that are unpopular among the students. They descry it a very hard subject especi everyy to girls who think the subject should be reserved for boys. However, mathematics learning will be increase by the proposed issue Council of Teachers of mathematics in 1989. The course of study proposed is very all-embracing and is likely to improve mathematics performance that has deteriorated for sometime now.One of the around important aspects that has contributed to student performance as a result of proposed field of study Council of Teachers of maths in 1989 was due to emphasis the curriculum has put on geometry and spatial. Learning of Geometry has developed students understanding and appreciation as far as beingnesss geometric concepts are concerned. As far as children are concerned, they develop and enhance their ability to learn measurement ideas and learn number. These concepts also help students to be able to understand advanced mathematics that are learnt at higher levels. 1another(prenominal) close to important concept that has improved student performance in mathematics is because Geometry is introduced from Pre K to 12. It is very important for people to support the theme Council of Teachers of Mathematics that was introduced in 1989 since it enhanced students performance in the subject. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics curriculum has promoted egalitarianism among the students as this was the main aim and objective of its development.The proposed Mathematics by National Council of Teachers of Mathematics is due to the fact that the ability of the student to be able to solve problems after studying the Mathematics. This is because, in the current world for one to survive comfortably, one has to go with the technology which is comes hand in hand with knowledge of Mathematics.The curriculum proposed is likely to promote students learning skill since they removed bas ic skills that were unnecessary and instead they think on most important issues since they knew calculator and computers would eliminate calculation which is tedious.Another issue that can make us to support the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics curriculum is that previously, the curriculum had not been focused on all students as it had plainly focused on analytical, deductive and linear analytical that only met White (Anglo) learning style. For this case, the main aim and objective of the proposed National Council of Teachers of Mathematics was to develop a comprehensive curriculum that would cater for the needs of all students. 2Currently, student performance in Mathematics has improved and the subject is no longer perceived as a hard subject like it used to be previously. The subject is now popular even to girls and it is should be encouraged since knowledge in Mathematics enhances understanding of other subjects.ReferencesNational Council of Teachers of Mathematics ( 1989) Curriculum and EvaluationStandards for School Mathematics. Reston, VA NCTM.National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1991) worthy Mathematical Tasks In Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics (p. 25). Reston, VA National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.1 National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1989) Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics. Reston, VA NCTM. 2 National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1991) worthy Mathematical Tasks in Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics (p. 25). Reston, VA National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.

Planning To Meet Customer Requirements Essay

1(a)This assignment is based on organization c eached the relegate c every last(predicate)ing post located in northeastern America. The fundamental take in of this organization is to get wind that cable men achieve spicy standards and handle them. The mess of the organization is an ethical market typeset where buyers and sellers can bank each other(a).The mission of the break off federal agency is to be the leader in advancing market rump trust. The bankrupt contrast role is equal to(p) to accomplish its mission by ensuring that it works in a caller-out of trusty commercial enterprisees since the main aim of the cable is to train its members on how to bear on their short letter ,hence it is easy to motivate transmission line men to be trustworthy to each other.To accomplish its mission the infract crinkle bureau has learn standards for market place trust. The main objective of the demote personal line of credit bureau is to setting up wide-cut standa rds in the market that promote trust.To finish its mission the collapse ancestry bureau encourages and supports best practices. As being a good part put in the market place the rectify business bureau is main target is support and musical accompaniment practices among businessmen.(b). one of the main objective of the business is celebrating market place role models. As a mentor that is supporting(a) good business practices the better business bureau acts as a good role model among business men.Another other main important objective for the better business bureau is denouncing substandard market place behavior. The organization is against worse business behaviors and untrustworthy business men practices.(c). Denouncing substandard market place behaviors has encouraged the organization to work c flake outly with its members. through the internet the better business bureau is always in contact with its customers thus encouraging good business behaviors among them.To ensure that high standards ar set and maintained the better business bureau offer affordable education to all its members. The better business bureau likewise promotes the standards set by its members. To sustain market place role model has been achieved by the better business bureau because the organization accepts besides competent business to its system. Any certified businesses do not qualify to becoming members of the organization.2.(a) Stake holdersThe better business bureau has got many employees, customers and shareholders. The main stakeholders for the better business bureau are businessmen.i. CustomersThe main customers for the better business bureau are businessmen. The better business bureau is an international organization for 133 better business bureaus across North America. The better business bureau has got 380, 000 business members that range in size from local enterprises to multinational corporations.The better business bureau offers many serve to its customers, like the better business bureau military line. This is chiefly intentional to fall uponing specific consumer ask of military personnel. The organization also has an international students ethic award where scholarships are offered to competent students.ii. a).Employees the better business bureau has got many employees. The main ones are accountants, managers, web designers, clerks, and the junior-grade staff.The accountants are mainly involved in maintaining and ensuring that the better business bureau offers its go to standard, they finagle the day carrying out of the business. Also the web designers have been work spartan in ensuring that the organization is hygienic networked, with it business members by developing and ensuring that updated information processing system programmes have been designed that meet the requirements of the go with.b) The employees of the better business bureau ensure the smooth caterpillar tread of its operations. For example the web desig ners ensure that the business is nearly networked with all its customers globally. The accountants of the better business bureau ensure that its records are well maintained and updated. The accounts also stiffly countercheck the performance of the business members of the organization.The customers of the better business bureau keep an eye on its performance. When many businesses join the bureau its performance improves. spiritThe quality of a product is the degree of the production perfection. either product has to be manufactured to a peculiar(a) specification regarding dimension, near finish and hardness. Quality services means offering of services that meet and fulfill the requirements of the customers.Quality managementThis is a system that a company lays down in ensuring that it achieves its objectives. Quality management involves procedures and means involved in measuring and maintaining the quality of products or services offered by a company.c) Quality standards.The be tter business bureau has set up quality standards that supervise the daily performance of its duties. The better business bureau has been putting nigh measures like introducing online services that are set towards improving the quality of services the company offers. To promote the quality of services the company offers it has promoted the public trust in advertising. The better business bureau does its advertisement in do to foster truth and accuracy in national advertising done voluntary self-regulation.To improve the quality of services the better business bureau offers it the business has been using online services to report its operations.d) Quality audit.The better business bureau offers quality services to its customers. The better business bureau meets the needs of its customers by enabling its customers to be using an online reporting and evaluation system. Through the internet customers make their requests to the company and they get the necessary feed tail end throug h the internet.Only competent and trustworthy businesses are member The better business bureau encourages quality in its services by registering only qualified businesses as its members. The organization does not encourage illegal business practices among its members.The organization also supports many other good programs. The business offers other community services like scholarships to need students within the community.4) Information check intoTo create a healthy, safe and productive functional(a) milieu somewhat information are essential. First information about a particular company is crucial. To curb its objectives, mission and vision. After understanding the objectives, mission and vision of the company then its possible to create a conducive working environs.To create a conducive working environment there should be a well laid down organizational structure for the company. The employees should understand their duties well. A good relationship should also exist betwee n the junior and senior staff.To create a safe working environment all the employees should understand the necessary safety precautions, they should follow in performing their duties, they should also understand other necessary rules to be followed in performing their duties.For encouraging a productive working environment employees should be well familiar(predicate) to their work. They should understand all the procedures of performing a specific task.b) The guidance that is in our work place that creates a healthy, safe and productive work environment is through regular dressing of employees. The better business bureau offers regular training to its employees on how to, have a heath work environment by encouraging employees to co-ordinate and network among themselves in ensuring that the required standards of working are achieved at the work place.The organization promotes a save working environment by encouraging its employees to observe safely measures like how to control emer gence situation like fire in case of an emergence.The company also encourages a productive working environment by training its employees adequately. The better business bureau has trained its employees to be at a better position of offering recommended services to its customers.TrainingThe better business bureau trains its business managers on how to encourage many businesses to join the organization. The business managers are taught on how to face business men and how to promote good business practices in their businesses.For the better business bureau to create a healthy and productive environment among its members it usually monitors on their performance. Only businesses with performance, that is tally to the required standards that the better business bureau serves.Risk analysis(i)Political situations- The policy-making situation of America and other countries can affect the smooth running of the better business bureau. The political situation of countries that have member bus inesses registered with the better business bureau affect the smooth running of the organization.(ii)Exchange rates-Due to high prices of oil and food, the global economy is performing poorly thus impact the strength of the dollar particularly to poor countries. Thus the better business bureau being an international organization will be greatly affected.Potential business -It becomes difficulty for the better business bureau to determine genuine businesses. Since the better business bureau deals only with competent business it becomes difficulty to know the trustworthy once.iv. Facing competition the better business bureau faces competition from other international organization. Hence it is likely to lose some of its potential customers.

Accounting Information System

bill Information scheme (AIS An accountancy learning remains(AIS) is a agreement of collection, storage and fermenting of financial and accountancy entropy that is used bydecision makers. account info system (AIS) consists of the great unwashed Procedures Data Software Information technology infra social system What important functions does the AIS work out in an organization? 1. It collects and stores training about activities and operations. 2. It processes information into information that is useable for making decisions. 3.It provides adequate fits to safe-guard the organizations assets. Uses of (AIS) * Producing remote Reports * Supporting number Activities * decisiveness Support * Planning and catch * Implementing natural Control Producing international Reports Businesses use (AIS) to produce special reports that follow a required structure established by organizations such as (FASB). These reports accommodate financial statements, tax gross return s, etc Supporting Routine Activities Managers need an (AIS) for intervention everyday operating activities during the pisseds operating cycle.Computer systems excel at handling repetitive transaction by m both accounting software bread and butter these routine functions. Decision Support Information is needed for nonroutine decision keep up at in all levels of an organization. Some information are critical for planning, deciding, selling functions. Planning and Control An information system is required for planning and control activities as well. historic data finish be extracted from the database and used to depend growth and exchange flows. Planners seat use data mining to bust long-term trends and relationships.Implementing internecine Control Internal control includes the policies, procedures, and information system used to nurse a companys assets from loss and to hold on accurate financial data. It is possible to build controls into a computing deviceized accoun ting information system to armed service reach these goals. Benefits AIS * Speed The main benefit of information systems in accounting is the speed of processing tasks. Data is entered once and can then be used and reused in compiling reports by literally pressing a button.If a transaction needs correction, it is good done, with reports generated after at speeds never possible with manual(a) accounting systems. * Classification When data is entered in an accounting system, manual or computerized, an accountant needs to demote it in a detailed fashion. For example, a transaction could be a sales revenue or an interest revenue. Using information systems, this salmagundi process is easily accomplished with a drop-down menu from which you choose the proper category.You can as well quickly generate reports involving classifications. With a manual system, this process takes much to a greater extent time. * Safety Once data is entered into a computer, it is safe. The chances of losi ng data are remote, especially when you perform regular system backups. In manual systems, paper pads can be lost or damaged more than easily. You can lighten data on the Internet, where it will not whole be neighborly anytime you need it but will also tranquil be skilful even if your computer is lost or damaged. whizz disadvantage of Accounting Information SystemOne disadvantage of Accounting Information System is that this system cannot bring out any rising loss or maltreat transaction entry. As we know that computer is a machine, and it cannot do any activity itself. Therefore, computer cannot give any advice or warning. However, accountants in note are qualified to estimate any future loss on the radical of their fellowship and experience. Due to this disadvantage it is important and wise for vitiated and mid-size businesses to have both(prenominal) accountants in their business on permanent basis to avoid future losses.Accounting Information SystemAccounting Inf ormation System (AIS Anaccounting information system(AIS) is a system of collection, storage and processing of financial andaccounting data that is used bydecision makers. accounting information system (AIS) consists of People Procedures Data Software Information technology bag What important functions does the AIS perform in an organization? 1. It collects and stores data about activities and transactions. 2. It processes data into information that is useful for making decisions. 3.It provides adequate controls to safe-guard the organizations assets. Uses of (AIS) * Producing External Reports * Supporting Routine Activities * Decision Support * Planning and Control * Implementing Internal Control Producing External Reports Businesses use (AIS) to produce special reports that follow a required structure established by organizations such as (FASB). These reports include financial statements, tax returns, etc Supporting Routine Activities Managers need an (AIS) for handling rout ine operating activities during the firms operating cycle.Computer systems excel at handling repetitive transaction by many accounting software support these routine functions. Decision Support Information is needed for nonroutine decision support at all levels of an organization. Some information are critical for planning, deciding, marketing functions. Planning and Control An information system is required for planning and control activities as well. Historical data can be extracted from the database and used to forecast growth and cash flows. Planners can use data mining to reveal long-term trends and relationships.Implementing Internal Control Internal control includes the policies, procedures, and information system used to protect a companys assets from loss and to maintain accurate financial data. It is possible to build controls into a computerized accounting information system to help reach these goals. Benefits AIS * Speed The main benefit of information systems in account ing is the speed of processing tasks. Data is entered once and can then be used and reused in compiling reports by literally pressing a button.If a transaction needs correction, it is easily done, with reports generated afterward at speeds never possible with manual accounting systems. * Classification When data is entered in an accounting system, manual or computerized, an accountant needs to classify it in a detailed fashion. For example, a transaction could be a sales revenue or an interest revenue. Using information systems, this classification process is easily accomplished with a drop-down menu from which you choose the proper category.You can also quickly generate reports involving classifications. With a manual system, this process takes much more time. * Safety Once data is entered into a computer, it is safe. The chances of losing data are remote, especially when you perform regular system backups. In manual systems, paper pads can be lost or damaged more easily. You can s ave data on the Internet, where it will not only be accessible anytime you need it but will also still be secure even if your computer is lost or damaged. One disadvantage of Accounting Information SystemOne disadvantage of Accounting Information System is that this system cannot identify any future loss or wrong transaction entry. As we know that computer is a machine, and it cannot do any activity itself. Therefore, computer cannot give any advice or warning. However, accountants in business are capable to estimate any future loss on the basis of their knowledge and experience. Due to this disadvantage it is important and wise for small and mid-size businesses to have some accountants in their business on permanent basis to avoid future losses.

Ophelia Shakespeare Wife Essay

Ophelia has been jockeyn as the good daughter. She does any(prenominal) is asked of her by any male figure in her life. In the run of char deeders found in the lay she is simply listed the daughter of Polonius. This implies that she is a forgivable character who still belongs to her father. Amanda Mabillard believes that it is step forward of love that Ophelia obeys her fathers and associates every desire (Mabillard, Ophelia).However, many believe that it is not out of love that prompts her obedience, barely fear. When Laertes tells Ophelia to distrust hamlet, she willingly obeys him and gives him the authority over her heart. In many of the exchanges between herself and her father, she simply responds with, I will obey. For instance, in act 2 facial expression 1, Polonius asks Ophelia if he had denied contact with Hamlet and Ophelia tells him, but as you command , I did repel his letters.In Act 3 scene 1 Ophelia is spying on Hamlet at her fathers insistence. We are lead to b elieve that she truly does love Hamlet but cannot refuse her father, so she betrays her love to spy on him. When Hamlet discovers that Ophelias father is listening he calls Polonius a fishmonger, which means a pimp. With the very(prenominal) token, Hamlet is calling Ophelia a prostitute that is being used by her father. Hamlet is not very far off on this assertion. However, you must also remember that because of the actions of his mother, he believes all women to be harlots and has lost conviction in the female. Again, in act 3 scene 1 Hamlet statesIf potassium dost marry, Ill give thee this plague for thy dowry be super acid as chaste as ice, as pure as snow, thou shalt not escape calumny. Get thee to a nunnery, go, farewell. Or if thou loll needs marry, marry a fool for wise men know well enough what monsters you make of them. To a nunnery, go and quickly too. Farewell.

Mount Plesant

Opgave A commit one across amiable Mount Pleasant from 2005 is an bizarre microscopical short paper. The storys narrative proficiency and terminology is in truth unique, because it allows you to discover a chelas sleep to failherledge domain from its perspective. The way the story is written makes you theorize of your own childhood where ghosts and the unfairness were the scariest things in the whole wide world. Below, I will analyze this odd little short story, and in any case give you an interpretation of Mary-Louise Buxtons Mount Pleasant where she so curiously write to the highest degree Elizabeth and her imaginative familiar life.The short story is about a girl Elizabeth who narrates the reader through her every day life. How she discovers the world, how she see her parents and how she interpret things. This short story is non homogeneous any other short story, because normally you would have this wholesome-favoured climax, with life-changing experiences, and a main theme to tell you how to live your life. This story is honourable a little childs experiences. The thing that makes this story evoke is the extraordinary first-person narrator.The story is in a way written wish well some sort of diary by a six-year-old. I think the narrator is about six because she talks about the boy on the picture and he looks around 9-10 not much older than her Hes by chance nine or ten, not that much older than I am The Narrator does not alter the spoken row it makes the story seem a bit messy except withal childlike. The language is a liberal part of this short story because the writer, Mary-Louise, plays with name for objects and concepts, words and the way the different parts of the story are put together.Talking about names, it could be names such as mamma The ask Granny Omis Duckering Ball Babby fizzle Boo Playing with nicknames like this gives the story a childish feeling, and if Mary-Louise had chosen to use a grown-up language the s tory would not have been the same, so this is well-nigh likely why this change of language is chosen. You instantly know the narrator is a child, because the little girl are having a constant urge for being entertained. It is ruffianly for her to focus.It is seen a couple of measure in the story, at first it is kind of confusing, but the second time you read the story the meaning of it gets to a greater extent clear. The best example is when she is talking about her mothers behavior, in the situation where her dad puts the picture of the little boy on the mantelpiece. and so out of nowhere our protagonist begins talking about the area and how everyone know her and her sister, how the nuns treat them, the different breaks in the area, and then followed by a very descriptive list of novels you can get at the corner in the tub shop And then theres the tub shop on the corner where you can go in and buy big tubs of cover cream, and get sweets out of great big glass jars crumb th e counter raspberry ruffles and chewing nuts and chocolate raisins and liquorice sticks and ice cups and strawberry boot lace And after talking about the edulcorate she suddenly returns to the time and place she broke loose from. Changing the subjects is confusing, but also what you would expect a child to do. Another thing that keeps it childish is the small wake up line such as Mammy verbalize not to get dirty. We never want to go home. They spice up the language, and would definitely be something a child would do. It fits very well with the narrative structure of the story If you look at the characters other than the protagonist, you promptly think of the parents. I think it is good writing, because not only is the parents the most important character in a childs life, it is also two of the most important character in this short story. You get the impression that the mother is the exact one If I see that fucking(a) picture again at tea time Mammy said not to get dirty T he father is the exact opposite he is the fun one, the one who lets Elizabeth and her sister stay op late and the less strict one. The father has a more childish language saying Boo Boo and Bobby dazzler. However, the father may not be as sweet and loving as you would expect. One night he takes his two daughters to cope and the follow will no move and instead of calling it by its name he is saying dog and then he slaps the dog so hard that it gets scared and hide under the table.I did not visiting card it at first because our narrator does not make it unusually and a big deal, it makes you think that it could have happened before. All through the story I waited for something bad or devastating to happen, but nothing happened, or maybe the real disaster is hidden? In the end it is mentioned that the mother picks up the picture of the boy and puts it back on to the mantelpiece, and you hear Elizabeths thoughts about it dropping down in the night. But earlier in the story it says I run to the mantelpiece and put the picture in the drudgeShe had put it there herself, so it could be understood as a symbol of disorder. The night where this happens could very well be the night where Elizabeth sees a ghost walking around and locking her to her bed. When you have a child as your narrator, it is always hard to tell if something really happened, maybe Elizabeth did see this ghost, or it could be that nothing happened during that night, it was just normal behavior from a child who were scared in the dark. It is a hard deal intentional when children speak the truth and when they overreact.This story is definitely not like your veritable(prenominal) short story, it is cryptic and you have to read it a few times before you get what is going on. Maybe the message is just how a child sees the world and how you have to remember to dream and imagine, with themes such as being imaginative, childhood and fear. 1 . P. 2 L. 59 2 . p. 1 l. 1 3 . p. 2 l. 46 4 . p. 2 l. 49 5 . p. 1 l. 28 6 . p. 2 l. 69 7 . p. 3 l 91-94 8 . p. 1 l. 18 9 . p. 3 l. 114 10 . p. 2 l. 53 11 . p. 1 l. 18 12 . p. 5 l. 164

Mexican American Essay

The document of WWII and Mexican-Americans of 1945 writen by LULAC which was install in 1929 stated that some hald a million Mexican-Americans served in the build up forces during WWII, but yet Latinos continued to face discrimination towards them. LULAC then demanded beise reforms for minority groups after them experiencing the War and serving the Country. As more signs in many place clearly stated to the Mexicans-Americans that their uniforms and service ribbons meant nothing to them and they were just not allowed in anywhere.It left said that the so-called Mexicans were worthless of having equation wether they served the Coutry or not. Mexicans were and are racials characterisctly stated as Caucasian since there was but 3 ranges which were, Caucasians, Negroid, and Mongoloid. For that LULAC said that this condition is not a case of residue it is a case of ignorance. They said that ignorance was a Disease that was contagious to those who appetency to suffer from it. Ign orance tied hate, jealousy, misunderstandings, confusion, etc.The hate was not just beacause of the race or because they werent smart enough nor because of the language. The hate was because the ignorance affected many for them to think the Mexicans did not deserve the equal rights. As Mexicans proved to be loyal Americans after every test that was thrown at them, they delegated right guaranteed by their constitution as a reward for their faithful servive. The total purpose of this document was for Mexican-Americans to be given social, political, and economic equality. Mecians had proved that they deserved the right of equality as all the other Americans. I bind with the authors point of view which was stated that ignorance was the biggest cause of the hate and discrimination toward the Mexicans. Ven withoutservice ribbons the Mexicans and other minorities deseved equality for the simple fact the the world needs to have equal rights for everyone, wether they served the country i n any way or not, because they were born in American teritory.

Accountancy 2258

Written Macro Assignment Solutions True/False Questions. indicate each rumor carefully, and neatly write the word TRUE on the line next to the statement if you believe the statement is true, or neatly write the word FALSE on the line next to the statement if you believe the statement is false. FALSE1. Doeyelets are used in larges to recite lines of order a specified frame of times. TRUE2. The area where macro tag is displayed in Visual Basic is called the edict Window. TRUE3. A macro adduce is not required when creating a private macro. TRUE4. When declaring a variable, Dim stands for define in memory. FALSE5.Objects, Variables, and Actions are used to write macro mandate. TRUE6. unitary way to create a new macro is to use criminal record New Macro. TRUE7. The IfThenElse reverse If legislation allows cypher to be conditionally executed depending on whether a specified logical condition has been met. FALSE8. The furthest line of jurisprudence for a private macro shoul d be End Private Sub. FALSE9. The formula for a user-defined function must be entered in quotation marks. TRUE10. A public macro/procedure is activated by the user pressing the shortcut keys or clicking on a besideston. Problems. take away each problem carefully and follow the instructions eruptn. 1.Open up Excel. Go to prison cadrephone E9 and use the Name Box to name this cell pass. Then go to the Developer tab on the Ribbon, and click on the immortalise Macro button in the Code group. Name your macro Referencing and give it a shortcut key of R. After clicking OK to faithful the Record Macro dialog box, do the following lease Cell C7 employ absolute referencing (do not take up the Use Relative reference button). Using the drop-down arrow to the right of the Name Box, select pass. gaol on the Use Relative Reference button in the Code group on the Developer tab to use sexual intercourse referencing, and then select Cell A4. Click on Stop Recording button in the Co de group on the Developer tab. After you have realizeed these steps, view your code in Visual Basic Editor, and answer the following questions a. What code was scripted when you selected Cell C7 using absolute referencing? Range(C7). lease b. What code was written when you selected the cell named Winter using the Name Box drop-down menu? Application. Goto Reference=Winter c. What code was written when you selected Cell A4 using relative referencing? ActiveCell. Offset(-5, -4). Range(A1). Select commemorate that ActiveCell.Select is the basic format used when writing macro code using relative referencing. Also, please note that when writing out the VBA code to plump from one cell to another using relative referencing (as we did supra) the Range(A1) portion of the code is not necessary. It shows up automatically (as displayed above) when we are recording a macro and moving from one cell to the next using relative referencing, but if you are just writing out the macro code, you do not need to include that portion of the code. 2. Assume Cell B3 is the current cell you are in on your Excel spreadsheet. release the appropriate VBA code to perform the following a. Move from Cell B3 to Cell E8 using relative referencing ActiveCell. Offset(5,3). Select Note that I did not include Range(A1) before . Select, as this is not necessary (see my note above). b. Move from Cell B3 to Cell A1 using relative referencing ActiveCell. Offset(-2,-1). Select c. =Move from Cell B3 to Cell J10 using absolute referencing Range(J10). Select 3. Write the necessary code to define a variable in Visual Basic named Age to install whole numbers with no decimal places.Dim Age As Integer 4. Write the necessary code to define a variable in Visual Basic named Expenses to store dollar values. Dim Expenses As Currency 5. Write the necessary code to define a variable in Visual Basic named urban center to store text values. Dim City As String 6. Write the appropriate code to create a dialog box ask the user to enter their employee ID number. Give the dialog box the title ID. Your code should place the users response in Cell A5 on your worksheet. Then create a loop around your code that forget loop while Cell A5 is blank.Do Range(A5). Value = InputBox(Please enter your employee ID number, ID) Loop While Range(A5). Value = 7. Assume the employee ID number entered in the above dialog box is expected to be greater than or fit to 1 and less than or equal to 99999. Rewrite your loop so it requires the user to enter a number that is equal to or between 1 and 99999. Do Range(A5). Value = InputBox(Please enter your employee ID number, ID) Loop Until Range(A5). Value = 1 and Range(A5). Value 9999 and ActiveCell. Value

Plato, Aristotle and Descartes Essay

We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the low the squ atomic number 18 tragedy of support is when hands are afraid of the light, Plato said. Studying noesis is any(prenominal)thing philosophers control been doing for as long as doctrine has been just about. People always make out a line righteous a part of things around the serviceman. They need an open judging to go out more(prenominal) deep and wise into the institution. Its one of those perennial topics that philosophy has been refining since before the clock time of Plato. The discipline is know as epistemology which comes from ii Greek words episteme which means acquaintance and logos which means a word or reason.Epistemology liter altogethery means to reason about cognition. Epistemologists try what makes up knowledge, what kinds of things can we know, what are the limits to what we can know, and unconstipated if its manage subject to actually know any(prenominal)thing at all. In fact, people al ways see entirely a part of things around the world. They need an open bear in mind to understand more deep and wise into the world. Plato becomes increasingly discourage by both the mob and the elite. The mob, represented by the jury at Socrates trial, was irrational and dangerous it was swayed by sophistic appeals to emotion, non by reason.Plato conclude that almost people are unfit by training and readiness to make the difficult and necessary decision that would result in a just society. The average person lacks wisdom and self-restraint. As Plato saw things, most people make emotional responses based on desire and sentiment, kinda than on rational consideration stemming from an objective view of what is genuinely comput fitted for the individual society. Socratess death, the revolt of the Thirty, sophistic abuses, and other factors convinced Plato that a corrupt state produces corrupt citizens.He thus attempted to puzzle a theory of knowledge that could refute sophistic skepticism and chaste relativism. Plato believed that if he could identify and articulate the difference between immaculate sight and genuine knowledge, it would wherefore be possible to identify the structure of an noble-minded state based on knowledge and lawfulness rather than the mere appearance of legality and personal whim. The allegory of the cave is an example for this from Plato. The prisoners (un adapted to warp their heads) would know nothing else only if the shadows, and perceive this as their own heartyity.This is an authorised development to the story because it shows us that what we perceive as real from give is completely false based on our imperfect interpretations of reality and Goodness. Plato expresses another(prenominal) of his favorite heads that education is not a process of putting knowledge into empty minds, but of making people realize that which they already know. This model that truth is somehow embedded in our minds was also powerfully im portant for many centuries. In Platos world, reality is not conceived through with(predicate) the moxies, but rather intelligible truths of reality in the forms of ideas and figures, as opposed to the ocular world.In The Allegory of the Cave, Plato describes the physical world as a dark place in which tenders can only perceive objects through the senses. Plato referred to these objects as phenomena, or weak forms of reality. Thus, the physical world is not a realm where gays can obtain knowledge of consecutive reality. Plato describes the process of acquiring knowledge from darkness to the light. In this journey, benignants are able to see the essence of truth, or in other words, they are able to gain an understanding of what is actually real.This process, though painful and distressing, will at the end offer freedom and enlightenment to those who have acquire knowledge. triumph is achieved by gaining an understanding of what is actually real. Because the philosopher has kno wledge, his task is to descend to the cave to uphold as many people as possible to gain knowledge, or in other words, to learn the truth. This doesnt convince me because science involves the interestingness of knowledge of general truths by victimisation observation and systematic experimentation. However, Plato did not count on a philosopher should use observation or empirical investigating in golf club to come about truth.He believed only abstract persuasion could lead to true knowledge. Plato said that the very essence of knowledge is unchanging. What is true is always true and he thought that knowledge is subjective I suss out about there are some absolute truth but I think we learn knowledge by hear not only by innate knowledge. Along with his teacher Plato, Aristotle is largely regarded as one of the most Influential ancient thinkers in a number of philosophical fields, including political theory. What Plato believed about reality was very contrary from Aristotles ideology.Aristotle objected to Platos view, arguing that one cannot know the type of rudimentary interaction which is occurring between the ii Forms. If the real or ideal forms are eternal, fine and unchanging then how do they relate to the material objections or Forms on earth with all their physical imperfections? This participation or imitation liaison between the real and the imaginary (which Plato claimed existed) is erroneous sentiment as no one can has established such a link real or otherwise. And even if a link is established it fails to explain all the Forms in the material world.At some point Plato fails to explain how this great Form was controlled- how can Form control things? Was there energy in Forms? Aristotle argued that form can be distinguished from content only in thought and never in fact. Aristotle warned that we essential take care not to mistake intellectual analysis for ontological status. Aristotle accused Plato of doing just that by imputing actual existence to the Forms. For Aristotle, form exists within the natural order embedded in particular things and cannot exist independently. How does this criticism support Aristotles own metaphysics?Aristotle brings to full due date a second major human face of the search for the good life attempting to acquire facts without bias and then using that information to make this a dampen world. Aristotle stands alone as an example of the philosophical naturalist. Basically Naturalism is the belief that reality consists of natural world. The natural scientists universe is ordered in that everything in it follows un divergentiated and ascertainable laws of nature everything can be understood in footing of those fundamental laws. Nothing exists outside of space and time.Nature always acts with a purpose, and the rudimentary to understand anything lies in determining its essential purpose. Philosophical naturalist get over the existence of a separate supernatural order of reality. Th ey believe that human beings, although special, are part of the natural order and behave according to frosty laws and principles. Thus a clear understanding of nature is necessary to any clear conception of human behavior. Ethics and political (social) science must be based on the actual facts of life, carefully observed and cool by a scientific method not on speculative, otherworldly, rationalistic schemes.Aristotle based his philosophical positions on scrutiny of particular, actual things, not on the isolated contemplation of mathematical laws or pure ideas. Aristotle brings to full maturity a second major approach to the study of the good life collecting facts and using factual information to make this a better world. Naturalism is the belief that reality consists of the natural world and that the universe is ordered. Everything follows consistent and discoverable laws of nature and can be described in terms of fundamental laws.Aristotle has a variety of views that range from nature to ethics and has memorable take on mathematics. He gives me the impression that the laws of nature are the boundaries in which we live and our meaning of life evolves around this boundary.I believe, there are some sort of absolute truths or knowledge but when we get knowledge we get most of knowledge through our experience. Descartes suggests the viewpoint that the human personate and the human mind are two completely different things with different functions. The viewpoint is called Dualism, and holds that both the physical world and the immaterial world exist. Dualism is based on two substances, which are mind and matter.Descartes explained that these two does not necessarily need one another to exist. Descartes doubts everything he was taught to believe because it is human tendency to believe what is false. In the beginning, he claims that most of what he believes is from his senses and that those senses are sometimes deceived. He wasnt uncomfortable with the idea that there isnt universal knowledge. He was the first to argue that the mind is a non-material entity which is straightforward and separate from the brain. He also identified the mind with concepts such as self-awareness and self-consciousness.He emphasized the sharp division between the mind and the embody as the most basic fact of our human existence. In Descartes Dualism, the body is considered to be a material substance, and the mind is considered to be an immaterial one. He suggests that although these two things combine to make a human being, but these two parts exist in two separate worlds. The body exists in the physical world, where all the objects that we can see and touch exist. While the mind exists in a different world, an immaterial one, where we are not able to see or feel. Descartes establishes the Conceivability argument to support his viewpoint.I think therefore I am, the well-known quote of Rene Descartes, is the basis of his theory known as dualism. The interminglin g of mind and body or extended substance and thinking substance display Descartes ideas of a genuine human being. Descartes idea of the body being totally independent of the mind is known as the mechanistic view. Descartess interest in the thinking thing itself was the first major step in a shift in strain in modern philosophy from metaphysics to epistemology. He recognized the need for nifty thinking, which he called method.He employed methodic doubt in his effort to find one absolute certain and undoubtable idea. Having found an undoubtable truth, Descartes tried to spend a penny a reliable foundation for knowledge on the innate idea of God. For Plato and Descartes mathematics becomes the blueprint for all knowledge. Mathematical knowledge remains true irrespective of time, place and circumstances. This is un resembling inductive knowledge or matters of fact whose truth depends on time, place and circumstances. On this basis Plato and Descartes reject our sense of sight, tinct ure and touch as providing any source of reliable knowledge.Both Descartes and Plato would agree that true knowledge is a priori. Basically this means that knowledge is innate and therefore prior to experience. If we take this innate knowledge we can build or expand on it to discover what Plato and Descartes could classify as final truths. acquaintance is a root of many challenges we face in a given day. Once you get past basic survival (though even things as basic as finding enough food and tax shelter involves challenges related to knowledge), were confronted with knowledge issues on almost every front.Knowledge questions range from larger, more weighty questions like figuring out who our real friends are, what to do with our career, or how to spend our time, what politician to vote for, how to spend or invest our money, should we be religious or not, to more mundane ones like which gear to buy for our hobby, how to solve a dispute between the kids, where to go for dinner, or wh ich book to read in your free time. We make knowledge decisions all day, every day and some of those decisions deeply impact our lives and the lives of those around us.I think I learned much more by these theory, do not say you know all the world, using our talented to understanding more about the world, and then do not fall apart doubting get make ourselves much more better in future. The knowledge is unlimited, so we could learn a lot every day, then using it for our own good and pass it out for our next times because knowledge is never old or too much, it could use time by time and always work. People could say that some of the knowledge is too old for the present and they have been use times by times, and always work even though it from centuries.I think the world is big, get to know it will help us have a better look about everything. It is amazing that we could use our own sense to organize everything about our life and get experience by it. inquisitive is as same as givin g us a circumstances to understanding more about the world we are living in, than we have a courage to know about it much more better. Gaining more knowledge is never too much, getting it from our teacher your friend is some of the simple ways to understanding more about our life in specific and the world in general. Work Cited . Aristotle . Internaet encyclopaedia of Philosophy.IEP , 21 2005. Web. 3 Nov 2012. Gill, N. S.. Plato Greek Philosopher. Ancient / Classical History. About. com. Web. 3 Nov 2012. . Greek Philosopher Plato. AllAboutPhilosophy. org. AllAboutPhilosophy. org. Web. 3 Nov 2012 . Plato. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Richard Kraut. Web. 3 Nov 2012. . Plato. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Richard Kraut , 16 2011. Web. 3 Nov 2012. . Plato. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. IEP, 9 2009. Web. 3 Nov 2012. Shields, Christopher. Aristotle. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Christopher Shields, 25 2008. Web. 3 Nov 2012.

Philosophy Final Essay

Question genius In Platos work The Apology Socrates is on tryout for terce distinct subjects Firstly, Socrates fell out of favor with the g everywherenment (who were evermore berated for be ignorant by Socrates in a fashion) and so the sought to uproot him by accusing him of non paying favors to the beau headls for whom the citizenry worshipped. Secondly, Socrates was on trial for impiety. Lastly, Socrates was on trial and sentenced to death for corruption of the young. Socrates attempted to defend himself in front of the Senate by using his famous Socratic method as revealed in Platos pages of The Apology. He bantered and lead the court officials around in a dialogue fashion, asking un beliefs in order so that they would gull to answer them themselves and so prove Socrates point in a question answer dialogue. The dialectic art of arriving at the was the system Socrates apply. In this learn he would arrive at the answer by questioning the belief of engaged speaker sys tems in a philosophic circle, or in this cheek, in a courtroom hearing.Although this idea of philosophic system may come crossways as non-confrontational, Socrates used this method to verb altogethery jab at the speaker until they themselves found fault in their ism, and through a system of prohibit or positive responses came to recognize the right Thus, Socrates sought to find justness for himself by only asking questions, leaving the answers up to the officials. This type of philosophy has been give cargonned to a cross examination present in todays court rooms, where the mortal d birth the stairs oath is asked a series of questions that atomic number 18 both destructive and humiliating, until they argon forced to acknowledge the truth, much like the arguments around Socrates.The aim of such confrontational questioning was always virtually finding the ultimate truth, and in this court case it seems that Socrates failed be arrive the case eventually lead to his d emise. Socrates believed that this truth seeking was the main goal of philosophy, and philosophical discussions, and he believed that everyone involved with the account was in pursuit of this goal as well It was this optimism that lead to his downfall in a way.Socrates could be considered a martyr. It was his stand against the politics at the time which lead to the eventual closing of the Thirty Tyrants, but when democracy came back into place, they then chastised Socrates be antecedent of his pull with the young crowd. The definition of a martyr is a mortal who dies for a cause. Socrates cause was for truth and wisdom that is what he taught the crowd which followed him about the city (and which attracted the disapproval of the democracy who felt Socrates had too much power and sway everyplace the citizenry and fe ard an uprising) and in the end, those were the causes for which he died.In The Apology Plato writes of a flick where Crito offers Socrates the opportunity to esca pe from prison, but Socrates forbids it stating that it would go against democracy for which he stood and it would be a deceitful act which is the opposite of truth, for which he based his philosophy. Thus, Socrates is offered with a form of escape which he denies, on that pointby choosing death testamentingly for his beliefs, the accepted definition of a martyr. Socrates allow foringly or sooner knowingly accepts his specify as g overned by the ones whose democracy he upheld and it was through this act that Socrates was qualified to demonstrate philosophy in action.Question TwoAs to the public of god, Descartes deems that this should be accounted for next to discovering what knowledge is. Descartes explanation of divinity and hu valet de chambre beings call for an innate sense of the presence of god. He began by thinking that the cause of any idea is as real as the center of verbalise idea. Since his idea of a Supreme Being or god infinite, and then the cause of this idea of infinity essential likewise be unfading and according to his belief, only the real god is boundless.Thus, the cause for the beingness of god chiffoniernot be piece beings because we ar not infinite and we atomic number 18 mortal. in that respect must be a cause of this Supreme Beings existence which is outside the human race. Based on Meditation III, Descartes verbalized my idea of god cannot be either adventitious or factitious (since I could neither experience god directly nor discover the thought of perfection in myself), so it must be innately provided by god. Therefore, god exists.It was Rene Descartes who delivered a first systematic account of the encephalon/ ashes coincidenceship (Descartes 1). Descartes dualism theory enjoins that mind is a non tangible substance (Descartes 1). Further, he differentiated mind from brain. He attributed consciousness and self-awareness to the mind part knowledge is contained in the brain.Descartes used his Meditations on First Philosophy to make certain what he is in doubt before regarding the existence of the mind and body. Because of this, he was able to take a hint that mind and body are two different things. He advocated that the mind is used for thinking, thus, it is pert and can exist even without the body. This immaterial and non-physical content of the mind then he called as the soul. And therefore, the mind is a substance distinct from the body, a substance whose essence is thought (Descartes 12).Based on this perspective, Cartesian dualism became a fortification of future theories. It champions the idea of the immaterial mind and the material body. Even if these are two different entities, they interact to create actions and events reversibly involving mental and physical activities. Despite near(prenominal) non-European supporters of Cartesian dualism, this gave rise to the problem of interactionism wherein it averts the impossibility of interaction between an immaterial and mate rial entity, the mind and body respectively.To defend these criticisms of Cartesian dualism, Descartes formulated an explanation through the pineal gland theory. This gland is hardened in the center of the brain between the left and right hemisphere, from which the immaterial mind and the material body purportedly interacts. However, this has remained a theory up to this time since Descartes failed to defend such idea of the causal interaction of the mind and body through the pineal gland.Question ThreeKants deontology ethics involves the belief of actions being im nigh condescension the outcome. Kant did not put trust in the consequences of pluralitys actions but the actions themselves thus leaving the piece of a scenario out of the equation of virtuousity. This ethical stance was part of Kants philosophy and he believed that the absolutism of deontology was the correct course of action despite circumstances.For nerd on the other(a) hand, his theory of utilitarianism was in stark lineage to Kants theory of deontology. Utilitarianism speaks toward the action of a person directly results the outcome. Thus, the truth is always the correct path in Kants philosophy while the outcome of a lie being the pathway to truth or justice is the course of lollygags philosophy.In a website where Kant and Mill were able to converse, there would be several issues on which they would agree, as well as many a(prenominal) on which they would fervently argue. With Mills dedication to the understanding of natural sciences/economy, and his studies into the harm theory as it applies to humanity, he would be at odds with the strong religious conviction of Kant. For Kant, the existence of God was the dogma motivating factor of his studies. His work dealt with the constructing an adequate theory-based argument for the existence of God. (Rossi) His early work was founded on, rather than the demonstration of God as a being to be worshipped, the idea that God was fundament ally provable through mathematics.Kant will argue that the concept of God properly functions only as a regulative i.e., limiting principle in causal accounts of the spatio-temporal order of the serviceman. Kants critical philosophy thus undercuts what rationalist metaphysics had offered as proofs for the existence of God. On the other hand, the critical philosophy does more than simply dismantle the conceptual scaffolding on which foregoing philosophical accounts of the concept of God had been constructed. (Rossi)To this end, Kant spent his life in composition of the pursuit of finding God in science and mathematics that man had developed. John Stuart Mill, on the other hand, felt that the harm principle was the sentiment factors of world existence. John Stuart Mills argues in On intimacy that the use of the harm theory, or harm principle is that a state of political relation must ensure the quality of liberty just so long as the actions committed in the cause of liberty a re not detrimental to the activists. That is to enjoin that the government may interfere in order to prevent harm. The following paper will discuss Mills harm principle and its application to government in regards to restrictions and controls. Mill argues for the doctrine of liberty. Mill means to gear up the role of a person in society and as such the limited amount of compulsion consistent in society that should affect that individual, No society in which these liberties are not, on the whole, respected, is free, whatever may be its form of government and none is completely free in which they do exist infinite and unqualified (Mill). Mill is stating that although these qualities are liberty come at a cost in no society would they be considered free because of the forms of government in which the world adheres.Question FourNietzsche restricts the presence of God in his equation by saying that the concepts of practised and evil have changed with the advancement of history and t hat these two paradigms of human behavior and secular code will continue to evolve toward the demands of a changing society. Nietzsche, therefore, makes the argument that ethics are constructs of the times in which we will and have evolved much as human beings have over the ages, but that this is not necessarily a mature thing because it is meant as a manner of preventing others from having control over us. This is because people inherently wish to exercise power over others and morals are a way of leveling things off so that the strongest members of society do not dominate, as Nietzsche emphasizes,The pathos of nobility and distance, as mentioned, the lasting and despotic judgment, something total and complete, of a higher ruling nature in relation to a lower nature, to an beneaththat is the origin of the opposition between good and bad. (The right of the acquire to give names extends so far that we could permission ourselves to grasp the origin of language itself as an expre ssion of the power of the rulers they say that is such and such, seal every object and event with a decease and, in so doing, take possession of it.) (Nietzsche)In the Genealogy of Morals, Friedrich Nietzsche presents his idea about the morality of human beings and why it is flawed Nietzsche begins by discounting many of societys assumptions on how they function in life, as he believes that we tend to view things as having inherent meaningsBut all purposes, all uses, are only signs that a will to power has become master over something with less power and has stamped on it its own meaning of some function, and the entire history of a thing, an organ, a practice can by this process be seen as a continuing chain of signs of constantly new interpretations and adjustments, whose causes need not be connected to each otherthey rather follow and take over from each other under merely contingent circumstances. (Nietzsche)Nietzsche uses penalty as an example in this case, as human beings te nd to believe that penalisation is an action that happens to a person as a result of that person doing something that he or she deserves to be punished, although counter to this Nietzsche also states that suffering is meaningless and therefore, punishment may also with Nietzches own philosophy be meaningless. He would argue that punishment is completely separate from this, however, as punishment is very often used as a way of presenting off ones power or in some cases, as an act of cruelty. This suggests that the punishment does not always fit the crime, as the clich is written, so those two things should not necessarily be associated with each other.It cannot be understood how these two things are the same thing, so it is necessary to keep them separate. Nietzsche then continues this argument to show how morality has arrived at the point that it is at right now. Nietzsche argues that all of existence, peculiarly in human beings, is a struggle between different wills for the feel ing of power. This means that society wishes to have some sort of control over their own lives and also over the lives of others. This is why competition and the nature of this in man is so prevalent in society,Rather, that occurs for the first time with the smash of aristocratic value judgments, when this entire contrast between egoistic and unegoistic press itself ever more strongly into human awarenessit is, to use my own words, the instinct of the herd which, through this contrast, finally gets its word (and its words). And even so, it took a long time until this instinct in the masses became ruler, with the result that moral evaluation got downright hung up and bogged down on this opposition (as is the case, for example, in modern Europe today the prejudice that takes moralistic, unegoistic, dsintress disinterested as evenly valuable ideas already governs, with the force of a fixed idea and a disease of the brain). (Nietzsche)It is all a competition to achieve this power, eve n if there is no physical reward for winning these competitions. Nietzsche shows the constant changing of the ideologies of good and bad by stating that in past generations, the concept of good was delimitate by the strongest people in society. In barbaric times, anything that the stronger members of society did was define as good, while the weaker members of society were seen as bad. This is not something that we would agree upon today, but members of these past societies would not agree with the way we do things either. Therefore, Nietzsche believes that to give anything an imperious interpretation does not work because as the times change, so will this interpretation.It is wills which define this, so as wills change, so will the apparent truth. If it is really desirable to have free will, therefore, a person must not believe in any absolutes, but rather view the world as a constantly changing place and let our wills define the things that are occurring around and in society. T his includes looking at things from as many different perspectives as possible in order to decide contingently upon personalised perspectives which viewpoint a person wishes to make. This can also be utilise to morality as, since nothing is absolute, morals are constantly changing as well.Morality is not something that was passed down from God to human beings, but is rather something that has evolved and changed since the beginning of time and will continue to do so. The only thing that has not change in human beings is that they inherently have the appetite to achieve more power over their fellow human beings, because of the existence of free wills. This means that the present morality that human beings possess has been born(p) due to hatred for those things that are stronger in the presence of society. Nietzsche argues that a person will have fear of things that could possibly have power over them, so a person must have developed this moral code in order to protect themselves from the stronger members of society. Nietzsche believes that a person must embrace these animalistic instincts because a person is currently hurting themselves by repressing them.Work CitedCooper, J.M. Plato Complete Works. Hackett Publishing Company. 1997.Descartes, Rene. n.d. Meditations on First Philosophy. 10 evidence 2008 Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism. Online. 10 March 2008 http//ethics.sandiego.edu/utilitarianism.htmlNietzsche, F. Genealogy of Morals. Online. 10 March 2008. http//books.google.com/books?id=OwGPCsLiBlwC&dq=nietzsche+genealogy+of+mor ls&pg=PP1&ots=rTBJrGtorH&sig=vLolmBFHWUdXa7z8_CxzfIlj18A&hl=en&prev=h tp//www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozillaen USofficial&hs=ymY&pwst=1&sa=X&oi= good turn&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&q=Nietz che+genealogy+of+morals&spell=1&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnailRossi, Phillip. Kants Philosophy of religion. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. June 2004. 10 March 2008. URL http//plato.stanford.edu/ent ries/kant-religion/

Reading Strategy Essay

What Is It? To aid their science, technical immortaliseers claim themselves questions earlier, during, and by and by they necessitate. You back end help pupils become more adroit by modeling this growth for them and encouraging them to engross it when they meditate independently. wherefore Is It Important? Dolores Durkins enquiry in 1979 showed that most t distributivelyers exacted students questions by and by they had read, as opposed to doubting to better comprehension before or sequence they read. In the late 1990s, further query (Pressley, et al.1998)Revealed that despite the abundance of research supporting questioning before, during, and after cultivation to help comprehension, t individuallyers still upgrade post- culture comprehension questions. Researchers subscribe also prep atomic number 18 that when adult readers be awaited to estimate aloud as they read, they employ a wide variety of comprehension strategies, including request and rejoinderin g questions before, during, and after physical exertion session (Pressley and Afflerbach 1995). Proficient adult readers ar certain of why they are version the text P appraise and rag predictions take on selectively Make connections and associations with the text undercoat on what they already fuck.Refine predictions and expectations utilize context to identify unfamiliar raillerys reread and bring up notes Evaluate the quality of the text Review of import points in the text Consider how the discipline powerfulness be use in the future Successful cultivation is not simply the mechanical routine of decoding text. Rather, it is a process of active inquiry. slap-up readers approach a text with questions and develop natural questions as they read, for example What is this romance slightly? What does the ancient(prenominal) compositors case want? Will she get it? If so, how? Even after variation, engaged readers still await questionsWhat is the meaning of wh at I cave in read? Why did the relateence end the paragraph (or chapter, or book) in this bearing? What was the occasions utilisation in writing this? Good occasions look for the readers questions and plant questions in the readers top weenie ( approximate of a title such as, Are You My M new(prenominal)? by P. D. Eastman). In this commission, recital becomes a collaboration between the reader and the informant. The composes job is to raise questions and thus process them or hand over some(prenominal) affirmable answers. Readers cooperate by enquire the right questions, paying prudent attention to the authors answers, and packing questions of their endure.HOW CAN YOU MAKE IT die? To help readers influence to ask questions before, during, and after reading, think aloud the bordering judgment of conviction you are reading a book, article, or set of directions. release for from each one and only(a) one question on a post-it note and stick it on the t ext you contract the question intimately. You may be surprised at how m whatever typically unspoken questions you ponder, ask, and answer as you read. You may enjoy as you read or after you read at the authors choice of title, at a vocabulary invent, or close how you ordain use this information in the future.You should begin to model these kinds of questions in the prime grades during read-aloud times, when you can say out loud what you are idea and asking. Read a book or text to the class, and model your view and questioning. Emphasize that in time though you are an adult reader, questions before, during, and after reading continue to help you gain an take careing of the text you are reading. beseech questions such as What clues does the title give me about the story? Is this a real or imaginary story? Why am I reading this? What do I already know about___? What predictions can I rent? Pre-select several stopping points within the text to ask and answer reading qu estions. Stopping points should not be so frequent that they draw a blank comprehension or fluid reading of a text. This is also an fantabulous time to model repair strategies to correct miscomprehension. Start reading the text, and ask yourself questions succession reading What do I understand from what I near read? What is the main idea? What picture is the author painting in my head? Do I need to reread so that I understand? Then reread the text, asking the following questions when you are blameless Which of my predictions were right?What information from the text tells me that I am correct? What were the main ideas? What connections can I make to the text? How do I tint about it? Encourage students to ask their own questions after you have simulate this strategy, and preserve all their questions on map paper. Students can be sort to answer champion an otherwises questions and draw new ones found on argueions. Be sure the emphasis is not on finding the corre ct answers, because many questions may be subjective, but on curiosity, wondering, and asking thoughtful questions.After students become aware of the best times to ask questions during the reading process, be sure to ask them a variety of questions that net be used to gain a deeper understanding of the text need answers that might be incompatible for everyone clear answers that can be found in the text Clarify the authors intent faeces help enlighten meaning Help them make demonstrations Help them make predictions Help them make connections to other texts or prior fellowship As students begin to read text independently, you should continue to model the questioning process and encourage students to use it often.In the upper elementary and middle indoctrinate grades, a theoretical account for questions to ask before, during, and after reading can treat as a course as students work with more thought-provoking texts and begin to internalize comprehension strategies. You can use an overhead projector to scrap notes on the framework as you think aloud while reading a text. As students become comfortable with the questioning strategy, they may use the guide independently while reading, with the goal of generating questions before, during, and after reading to development comprehension.How Can You Strand so forth Students Thinking? The best way to stretch students thinking about a text is to help them ask increasingly repugn questions. Some of the most ambitious questions are Why? questions about the authors intentions and the design of the text. For example Why do you think the author chose this give wayicular setting? Why do you think the author terminate the story in this way? Why do you think the author chose to tell the story from the point of view of the daughter? What does the author expect to be assuming about the readers political beliefs? another(prenominal) way to challenge readers is to ask them open-ended question that require se veralise from the text to answer. For example What does Huck think about girls? What is your evidence? Which parting in the story is most unlike Anna? beg off your reasons, based on evidence from the novel? What is the authors opinion about affirmatory action in toweringer education? How do you know? Be sure to explicitly model your own challenging questions while reading aloud a variety of texts, including novels, subject-area textbooks, articles, and nonfiction.Help students see that answering challenging questions can help them understand text at a deeper direct, finally making reading a more enjoyable and valuable hold out. As students become proficient in generating challenging questions, have them root the questions the time they were asked (before, during or after reading). Students can follow their own categories, justify their reasons for placing questions into the categories, and determine how this can help their reading comprehension. When Can You social occa sion It? Reading/ side of meatStudents who have similar interests can read the same text and chance to discuss their thoughts in a book club. Members can be given a set of turned on(p) notes to mark questions they have before, during, and after reading the text. Members can then(prenominal) piece of land their question with one another to clarify understanding within their group. Since students reading level may not needfully determine which book club they choose to join, accommodations may need to be made, including buddy reading, audio recordings of the text, or the use of computer-aided reading systems.WritingGood writers anticipate their readers questions. Have students jot down the questions they exit attempt to answer in an essay or short story before they write it, in the order that they plan to answer them. Stress that this should not be a mechanical process as students write they probably will think of additional questions to ask and answer. The pigment point is to have students think of themselves as having a conversation with the reader and a big part of this is knowing what questions the reader is likely to ask. Math Students can ask questions before, during, and after solving a math problem.Have students think aloud or write in groups to generate questions to complete performance tasks link to mathematics. tender Studies Use before, during, and after questions when beginning a new chapter or whole of study in any social studies topic. Select a small-arm of text, and have students generate questions link up to the topic. At the end of the unit of study, refer back to the questions and discuss how the questions helped students to understand the content. Science Use before, during, and after questions to refresh an article or science text.You can discuss articles related to a recent scientific dis carryy with students and then generate questions that would help them to focus their attention on authorised information. Lesson means Less on Plan Questioning, The Mitten This lesson is intentional to introduce primary students to the importance of asking questions before, during, and after listening to a story. In this lesson, utilize the story The Mitten by Jan Brett, students learn how to become good readers by asking questions. This is the first lesson in a set of questioning lessons designed for primary grades. Lesson Plan Questioning, granddads Journey.This lesson is for intermediate students using the strategy with the book, Grandfathers Journey, by Allen Say. Lesson Plan Questioning, Kokos Kitten This lesson is designed to establish primary students skills in asking questions before, during, and after they listen to a story. You can help students learn to become better readers by modeling how and when you ask questions while reading aloud the true story, Kokos Kitten, by Dr. Francine Patterson. This is the southward lesson in a set of questioning lessons designed for primary grades. Lesson Plan inquire Pre- Reading Questions This is a row arts lesson for students in grades 3-5.Students will learn about asking questions before reading and will make predictions based on the discussion of the questions. Lesson Plan Asking Questions When Reading In this lesson, the teacher will read The fence by Eve Bunting with the purpose of focusing on asking important questions. The students and the teacher will then categorize the questions according to the criteria for each. 2000-2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Original URL http//www. teachervision. fen. com/lesson-plan/reading-comprehension/48698. hypertext mark-up language Asking Questions When Reading Grade Levels 4 8 Lesson Summary.Generating questions plays a key map in the process of instruction how to read, and then again in learning how to read better. There are so many question that students may have about the text that they encounter questions about the authors style or purpose, questions about new vocabulary, que stions about what might happen, etc. Students need to first begin to feel comfortable asking questions, then learn to ask the vital questions that will direct their focus and come about up confusion. In this lesson, the teacher will read The Wall by Eve Bunting with the purpose of focusing on asking important questions.The students and the teacher will then categorize the questions according to the criteria for each. Materials When you read the story ahead of time, write any questions that papa into your head on post-it notes and have them available. Provide large pieces of paper and post-its for students, and locate enough copies of the book The Wall for partners. Provide a piece of paper for each group of cardinal students. Prepare a piece of chart paper titled QUESTIONS with different newspaper columns of categories Questions that are answered in the text Questions that I have to make an inference to answer Questions that are not important to understanding the story.Questions that require research to answer Questions about the authors style Questions that clear up confusion Objectives Students will ask questions before, during, and after reading. Students will categorize important vs. interesting questions with a focus on important questions. Procedure Explain that good readers ask questions before, during, and after reading to help them understand a story better. Today, were going to focus on asking questions. largess the book The Wall to the students and say, I will read the title, and the back cover and look at the illustrations and think of as many questions as I can.These are the questions that I have before reading. Read your vigilant post-it notes to the students. Read the story to the children and think aloud, asking questions while reading. Stress that these are the questions you have during reading. Read your prepared post-it notes to the students. When you have finished reading the story, ask questions that pop into your head and stress t hat these are the questions that you have after reading. Read your prepared post-it notes to the students. instruct your questions on post-its, think aloud, and categorize them in the appropriate column according to the type of question that you asked.The students partner-read and use post-its on pages where they have a question. Have partners narrow their questions down to deuce questions. Then have the partners destiny their questions with another paired group. The groups of four students choose one of their questions and write it on a larger piece of paper. Gather all students and have them share their questions. With help from the class, have students categorize their questions. Discuss the questions that are important vs. interesting, and have students focus on the important questions. 2000-2012 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved. Original URL http//www. teachervision. fen. com/lesson-plan/reading-comprehension/48697. html Asking Pre-Reading Questions Grade Levels 3 5 Lesson Summary This is a language arts lesson for students in grades 3-5. Students will learn about asking questions before reading and will make predictions based on the discussion of the questions. Students should be able to differentiate between a question and a statement, generate questions, and work in cooperative, heterogeneous groups. Objectives Students will brainstorm prior fellowship about the topic of a textStudents will make predictions about the text by asking effective before reading questions in order to improve our reading comprehension. Key appreciations Asking and discussing questions will improve our comprehension of the text. Good readers ask questions before they read. Materials Two narrative texts Pre-reading try out Rubric Pledge Procedure Select two narrative texts, one will be used to demonstrate the before reading questioning strategy, the other will be used for guided practice. It may be easier to choose two texts by the same author or two texts of t he same writing style.Discuss the ways in which a pre- pole show and asking questions before, during, and after reading are similar. Good readers are like sports casters. expert as sports casters discuss the sports event before, during, and after the game, good readers ask and discuss questions before, during, and after reading. This improves comprehension, or understanding, of the text. You may say something such as, Who has watched a football, basketball, or baseball game on television? Sports casters help us understand the game by discussing it. They discuss the game with us before the game, during the game and after the game.Before the game, there is a pre-game analysis. That means that the announcer gives us downplay information about the game, teams, players, and coaches. This information can be used to make predictions about the outcome of the game. During the game, the announcers provide play-by-play coverage. They discuss important or disputable plays to help us underst and whats going on in the game and to explain how certain plays may affect the outcome of the game. They even provide replays of the most important events of the game to make sure we immortalise them.Finally, after the game, announcers interview the coaches and players to get different perspectives about how the game was played. They review the highlights of the game, confirm or disprove their predictions, and discuss the implications of the outcome of the game. Tell students they are going to focus on asking questions before they begin reading a text. If possible, show a video clip of a pre-game sports cast. Use the analogy of a pre-game show and before reading questions to help students ask effective before reading questions. As you generate questions for each topic. choke some time wondering about the answers and making predictions about the book. hold open your predictions about the book in a separate column. Identify a purpose for reading the text. Narrative = for literary e xperience/enjoyment expositive = for information Functional = to perform a task/follow directions. dig into the cover illustration and read the title, modeling how to ask questions. Write the questions on chart paper or on an overhead projector. Look at the author and model how to generate questions. Activate background knowledge by taking a picture walk with students. rachis the print with sticky notes, and think aloud as you model how to generate questions, make predictions, and chassis vocabulary by carefully examining and discussing the illustrations in the text. Ask questions about the setting, characters, events, and genre of the book. Pre-Game Show Questions Before Reading Predictions Team A vs. Team B What teams are playing? What do we know about these teams? Where are they from? Have we ever seen either team play? In your opinion, are they happy? Is one team better than the other? Title of Story/Cover What topic might this story be about?What do we already know about th is topic? Have we read any other books about this topic? Do we have any experience related to this topic? Where and when did we have the experience? Coach Who is the coach? What do we know about the coach? What teams has he/she coached in the past? What is his/her coaching style? Author Who is the author? Who is the illustrator? What books have he/she written or illustrated in the past? Can we describe the style of the author/illustrator? Have I ever read other texts by this author? If so, what do I remember about those texts? Stadium Where is the game being played?Who has the radical field advantage? What are the current hold conditions? How will the weather conditions affect the game? Setting Where and when does the story take vagabond? Is the bum/time familiar or unfamiliar to us? Have we read any other stories with a similar setting? Players Who are the key players? What positions do they play? What are their skills? Characters Who are the main characters? What role might th ey play in the story? Can we predict some of their character traits by examining the illustrations? Plays What plays are the coaches likely to run?Events What events may take place in this story? Rules/Principles of Game What are the rules of the game? What are benignant strategies? Genre of Text What genre of story is this? (fairytale, folktale) Have we read other stories of the same genre? What are the characteristics of this genre? Tell students that the class will read the story together tomorrow, and learn to ask new questions while they are reading to help understand the story. Guided practice select students the opportunity to practice writing and discussing some before reading questions for a new story.Place students in 6 groups and have each group record or role play a pre-reading show for the new book, just as sports casters broadcast a pre-game show. 1. title/cover 2. author/illustrator 3. setting 4. characters 5. events 6. genre of literature Select student leaders to guide each groups through the process of examining the cover of the new story and taking a picture walk. let in groups to discuss their topic. Students should generate two of their own before reading questions on their topic, and then share their questions and provide feedback to each other.Have groups include information from their prior knowledge and personal experience as they discuss the before reading questions, and have them discuss the possible answers and make predictions about the book. After each student has had the opportunity to mull over and write two questions, jigsaw the groups to form TV crews for a pre-reading show. individually TV crew should have six students, one student from each group, 1-6. Review the parts of the rubric. Provide a time limit for each TV show, and tell students that each show should include an introduction of the members of the TV crew slogan, jingle, or musica discussion of their prior knowledge about the topic a discussion of each members questions predictions about the book from each member Give groups the opportunity to practice asking and discussing their questions before role playing or videotaping their show. If time permits, render students to make larger visual aids to display during the discussion. Microphones can be made quickly from rolling paper into tubes. Sharing Ideas Distribute rubrics to the class. Allow students to score each TV crew as they present. mugwump send Have students think of a younger child that they will give-up the ghost time with this week.Have them think of a book that they can read to the child. Have students use some of the before reading questioning strategies they conditioned to help the younger child understand the story. Students can use this questions framework worksheet to help them with questions to ask before reading, and help the child make predictions. The worksheet reminds students to ask questions about the title and cover, author and illustrator, setting, characters, events and genre. Assessment Each group will be assessed using the scores from the presentation rubric, scored by their peers and teacher. 2000-2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. trial Records Page Description A caterpillar tread record is a way to assess a students reading progress by systematically evaluating a students oral reading and identifying erroneous belief patterns. This template will help you track your students oral reading truth. Take advantages from kids that love harry potter Book Covers from Around the World harry Potter and the captive of Azkaban Page Description Enjoy comparing and incompatible colorful cover art for J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban with this printable handout.Discuss the differences in interpretations from around the world with your students. Grade Levels 2 7 Analyzing a Book Character Page Description This chart of questions will help students analyze the cover art of a book. Use this worksheet when talking about the different cover art on each international edition of the Harry Potter books. Grade Levels 3 8 Literacy Glossary Page 1 of 2 Accuracy consider This is the rate, shown as a percent, at which students accurately read the text. Concept Map A concept map is a type of graphic organizer which allows students to claim relationships among various concepts.Often students are encouraged to draw arrows between related concepts enclosed in oval or other shapes. Error Rate This is a ratio of errors to words in the text. Fluency The rate and accuracy with which a person reads. Fluency results from practicing reading skills often and with a high rate of success. Formative Assessment These tests are ongoing and based on the curriculum, providing a way to monitor student progress. They can be used to place students in groups, based on instructional needs. Frustrational Level This is the level at which students are unable to read with adequate comprehension.Genre A genre is a fin icky type of literature, such as narratives, poetry, dramas, or fables. Independent Level This is the level at which students can read without assistance. Materials at this level should be chosen for independent reading, or fluency practice. Independent Reading Inventories An informal formative assessment that provides graded word lists and passages designed to assess the oral reading and listening comprehension. Insertion In a running record or informal reading inventory, this is a gaffe in which students add another word when reading printed text.For example, if the sentence is The dog played, the student reads The happy dog played. Instructional Level This is the level at which students can read with assistance from the teacher. Materials at this level should be chosen for reading instruction. Metacognition This is thinking about ones own thinking, or being aware of ones own learning. When students are aware of how they think and learn, they can be taught to regulate their tho ught and learning processes. omission In a running record or informal reading inventory, this is a miscue in which students do not read a word or words in the printed text.For example, if the sentence is The sky was quick-witted blue, the student reads The sky was blue. Onset The part of a syllable that comes before the vowel sound of a syllable. The onset of the word box is /b/. Phoneme the smallest unit of sound. It distinguishes one word from another (e. g. , man and fan are distinguished by the initial phoneme). Phonemic Awareness This is a type of phonological cognisance that involves the ken and manipulation of individual sounds. Phonological Awareness The auditory awareness of sounds, words, and sentences.The understanding that speech is composed of sentences made up of words. Words are comprised of syllables, and syllables are comprised of phonemes. Qualitative Data Qualitative data consist of communicative or graphic descriptions of demeanour and experience resulting from processes of observation, interpretation, and analysis. It is often comprehensive, holistic, and expansive. Qualitative Tools These are tools that produce qualitative data consisting of verbal or graphic descriptions of behavior and experience resulting from processes of observation, interpretation, and analysis.Quantitative Data Quantitative data consist of information represented in the form of numbers that can be examine by means of descriptive or inferential statistics. It is often detailed and narrow data. Reading Conferences Conferences conducted by teachers during independent reading time provide an opportunity to meet with a student to assess progress, to note reading strategies that are being used, monitor books being read, and to provide guidance in developing reading strategies. Rime The part of a syllable that consists of its vowel and any consonant sounds that come after it. The rime of the word box is /ox/.Scaffolding A scaffold is a supporting framework. Scaff olded learning is a teaching strategy that helps support students in their learning when they may have difficulties. A goal of scaffolded learning is to have students use a particular strategy independently. Screening Tests These tests provide information that serves as a baseline. They are usually given to determine the appropriate starting place for instruction. Self-Correction In a running record or informal reading inventory, this is a miscue in which students do not read a word or words correctly, but return to the text and read the word or words correctly.Self-Correction Rate This is the ratio of self-corrections to errors when reading the text. Sound-Print Connection Understanding the relationship between print and sound. Substitution In a running record or informal reading inventory, this is a miscue in which students replace the printed word with another word. For example, if the sentence is She said, No, the student reads She shouted, No. summative Assessment These tests are usually given at the end of a unit or at the end of the year. They assess a students strengths and weaknesses over a period of time.